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The alps, cutting across Europe, give rise to many majestic sites. At the northern border of Slovenia, the Julian alps are no exception. From their highest point in Slovenia, Mount Triglav (9,400 feet/ 2864 meters), they descend into foothills around Lake Bled. The entire way, they dominate the Slovenian landscape. One of the more picturesque areas in this region is known as Vintgar Gorge – supposedly named for nearby vineyards, or possibly because the gorge itself bears resemblance to a wineglass. This mile long (1.6 km) steep pass was carved out of the rock by the Radovna River, which still whirls and gurgles its way through the gorge. Prior to the 1890s, this stretch of the foothills was unexplored and largely inaccessible. Not surprising, given the shear rock walls that reach up to 300 feet (100 m) tall. However, spurred on by the tourist industry in nearby Bled and the incredible views, a system of walkways was built along the cliff walls in 1893. Today, the walkways still allow visitors to amble above the turbulent blue-green waters of the Radovna and appreciate its many rapids. Despite the passage of time, the landscape still has the power to amaze!

If you are looking for a place to visit which is at the intersection or art and history, Arles in the south of France, is ideal. With its location on the Rhone river (at one time on the Mediterranean itself before the harbor silted up) Arles was an important trading city for much of its life. The Romans made a lasting impression on the area, arriving in 123BC and proceeding to build many architectural wonders. The Roman amphitheater, which still hosts bull fights, dominates several city blocks, and the ruins of an ancient theatre remain as a testament to Roman culture. After the Roman Empire collapsed, Arles’ history became turbulent. By 855, the city was capital of the Kingdom of Arles – a kingdom which changed hands periodically through several centuries, to be slowly swallowed up by France, disappearing entirely in 1378. With its political power weakened, Arles continued to be a major trading hub until the mid-1800s, as goods began to be shipped by railroad rather than barge. While the economy as a whole faltered, the peace and quiet did attract a new kind of tourist: artists. Perhaps the most famous is Van Gogh, who arrived in Arles in 1888. Through his painting of the city streets and Provence landscape surrounding the city, he has become synonymous with Arles. Indeed, many of his major works of art – including Starry Night – were painted here, adding another stroke to the city of Arles’ already colorful history.

Switzerland is a scenic country with its mountains, lakes and picturesque towns, and Lucerne (Luzern to German speakers) is one of the most notable. Located on the shores of Lake Lucerne, at the mouth of the Ruess River, the traditional frescoed buildings are dominated by snow-capped mountains in the distance. With origins date from the mid-1100s, Lucerne has managed to remain an important center in central Switzerland for much of its lifetime. The town has also seen its fair share of fighting through various religious wars and revolutions. Arguably the most famous remnant of strife in Lucerne commemorates an event which did not take place in Switzerland at all. The Lion Monument, carved out of a natural stone cliff face on the edge of town, was erected in remembrance of the Swiss Guard who lost their lives in the French Revolution. These guards were massacred in 1789, while protecting the French King in Tuilleries Palace, Paris. A surviving officer took up collections, and in 1821 the 20x30 ft (6x10m) sculpture was unveiled to capture the imagination of all who wander by – including Queen Victoria and Mark Twain, among others. With so much to recommend it, the spot became a notable tourist destination in the late 1800s, particularly for writers and composers. It definitely pays to follow their example, and make a visit to Lucerne!

The Emerald Ile is often associated with fantastical legends, plenty of magic, and even a leprechaun or two. The landscape lends itself to tall tales, and the Giant’s Causeway is no exception. Located in Northern Ireland, the Causeway is a rocky cliff, with stones that step down gradually into the sea. However, it is the unusual shape of these stones that make the site unique. The basalt forms thousands of ordered columns, each composed of layered, generally hexagonal stones. The overall effect is more reminiscent of a man-made stack of garden pavers than something created by nature, and that simple fact has captured storytellers’ imaginations for centuries. The most popular legend says that the rocks are left over from a bridge built by giants to cross over into Scotland. A more mundane opinion is that the area was covered in thick lava many millennia ago, and as it cooled, it cracked at regular intervals. Regardless, the shoreline is unlike anything you are likely to see anywhere else, and it has been drawing tourists since the mid-1600s. In 1986, it was officially declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site and remains a popular destination for travelers. It is certainly worth a bit of stair stepping to see it in its glory – just be careful not to get your feet wet!

Just 12 miles (20 km) from Paris sits the Palace of Versailles – a relic of French royalty which captures the imagination even today. The opulent palace of the French kings had humble beginnings as a simple hunting lodge for Louis XIII in 1624. It wasn’t long before the simple structure was rebuilt, but it didn’t achieve prominence until Louis XIV decided to enlarge the palace starting in 1661. From then onwards, Louis XIV transformed Versailles into a showpiece, full of bright gilding, masterful paintings, and lavish chandeliers. Perhaps the most famous decoration are the mirrors – most notably covering the 230-foot Hall of Mirrors, giving it its name. The gardens weren’t neglected either, and were fashioned into one of the foremost examples in Europe complete with grottos and fountains. As Versailles grew, the king spent more and more time there, and in 1682 Louis XIV moved the entire royal court to the site, making it the seat of government. Versailles continued to be popular with French royalty, up until the French Revolution, and in 1789 the French government was moved away from Versailles permanently. Despite the palace’s strong link to royalty, it survived the Revolution and the attendant neglect of the Napoleonic era. When a new line of French royalty took power in the 1830s, it was again brought into public view, and its role has shifted with every regime change since. Despite not being a center of government for several centuries, Versailles has continued to play a role on the international stage, with the Hall of Mirrors serving as a location of treaties and declarations. Today, Versailles is a UNESCO World Heritage site, and continues to delight visitors, inside and out, as it has for centuries.

The middle of Michigan’s lower peninsula, surrounded by the Great Lakes, may seem like an odd place to find traditional Bavarian culture, but the town of Frankenmuth prides itself on its unique identity. Settled by German immigrants in 1845, the early citizens were committed to preserving their roots and the city still carries the nickname of “Little Bavaria”. With its distinctive rustic alpine architecture along main street, bringing to mind quaint old-world villages, the city attracts many tourists – particularly for its popular festivals like the Bavarian festival and the SnowFest. Ever popular, the Frankenmuth Oktoberfest was the first in the world outside of Munich to be sanctioned by the Parliament and City of Munich! Aside from its German roots, Frankenmuth is synonymous with Christmas for many, as it is home to Bronner’s Christmas Wonderland. The massive store (spanning over 7.3 acres!) is devoted entirely to anything and everything connected to the holiday season. Since its beginnings in 1945, the massive displays and over 350 fully decorated Christmas trees have become a cherished part of many holiday traditions in and around the state of Michigan. In whatever way you celebrate and in whatever season, a trip to Frankenmuth is sure to be a colorful addition!

Switzerland is a melting pot of cultures and languages, superimposed on a landscape of impressive mountains and lush valleys. Each corner has its own unique story and traditions. Not all of these local traditions are confined to Switzerland – case in point is Gruyere cheese, which is found in kitchens around the world. The cheese originates from a small town near Lake Geneva, on the border of France, with the same name as the cheese. As the area’s greatest tradition (outside of the renowned chocolate companies which call the region home), the making of this fine cheese is strictly controlled by law. While it is difficult to equate the name Gruyere with anything but a yellow comestible, it has a long history aside from its cheesy fame. The small medieval town which currently resides in the Fribourg foothills is as picturesque as anyone could wish, complete with a castle. Legend has it that the city was named after a crane (“grue” in French) which was captured by its founder. Whether true or false, the counts who resided here made the crane their symbol. By the late-1100s the town of Gruyere had a thriving market and walls. While it was subject to its fair share of strife and plague, and slowly sank into obscurity by the 20th century, the universal call for Gruyere cheese ensures that this out of the way Swiss town is not entirely forgotten – and you won’t find a more bucolic place to spend an afternoon.

England boasts many miles of coastline punctuated by picturesque villages. Perched on the coast of the North Sea, Southwold is a good example, although its tranquil setting belies its tempestuous history. The town was already established when the Domesday book was written in 1086, with its inhabitants making their living from fishing. At one time, the city was also a trading port, as it sat on the River Blythe, but that ended when the river silted up. If a devastating fire in 1659 weren’t enough, in 1672 the first sea battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War – otherwise known as the Battle of Solebay – took place off of Southwold’s coast. While most have forgotten the event, Southwold still commemorates the battle, having placed a cannon on top of Gun Hill overlooking the sea. The intervening centuries were relatively calm. For a short period, the town housed George Orwell and his writing talent, and in the early 1900s it gained a lighthouse and distinctive pier. Aside from that, it retains its rural character, and is still one of the larger fishing ports along that stretch of coast. Part of that charm revolves on the fact that marshes have restricted Southwold’s expansion over the centuries. Small though it may be, Southwold does house one business that makes it well known throughout England: Adnams brewery. Established in 1872, the brewery supplies not only beer but also operates a distillery, making it a perfect place to quench your thirst!

A trip to the Baltic Sea wouldn’t be complete if you didn’t stop in Gdansk, which contains over a thousand years of history! First mention of the city was in 997 and even from the very beginning, its story has been connected to the sea and trade. By the 1300s, Gdansk was on its way to becoming an economic powerhouse as a member of the Hanseatic League, trading throughout Europe. Even today, it maintains its relation to the sea with its large shipyards. Despite its success, the city has also been the scene of some of the greatest power struggles played out on the world stage. Through the centuries, with its position between Germany and Poland, it changed hands from Poland to Prussia and was briefly a free city under the rule of Napoleon from 1807 – 1814, eventually reverting to Poland after WWI. In its darkest hour, Gdansk witnessed the attack that started WWII in Poland, but in contrast, its shipyards were also home to the Solidarity movement, which eventually led to a free Polish state, independent of communist Russia. Looking around the city today, with its carefully restored old town, is like stepping back in time. The iconic granary stands along the Motlawa river, and elaborate gates still flank the historic town. It is well worth the walk through the city center, where the houses are a reminder of Gdansk’s Hanseatic past. In the center of it all is Neptune’s Fountain, where the sea god has presided since the mid-1600s. Whether in early morning or dusk, the streets of Gdansk are sure to impress with their old-world charm!

The prettiest castle in the world is a very grand title to live up to. However, Leeds castle, in the south of England, has plenty of reasons to make the claim. Situated in the middle of a lake filled with its signature swans, the historic castle rises from the water like something out of a fairy tale. It is easy to imagine royalty living in the ancient building, because it was in fact a royal residence of the British monarchs! Leeds castle began as a utilitarian stronghold in 1119. In 1278 it was bought by Queen Eleanor of Castile, wife of King Edward I. While in their care, the castle was transformed into a showpiece and it remained in the family for several centuries. Its most prominent royal association is with the infamous Henry VIII, who renovated it in 1519 for his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. However, by 1552 it had passed out of the royal family. Despite several centuries of turbulent politics, including the English Civil War, Leeds castle weathered the storms well and remained a family home well into the 1900s. It was only in 1974, that Leeds castle became a charitable trust open to the public. Even then, it has remained in the spotlight by hosting political meetings including the Northern Ireland peace talks of 2004. Whether you enjoy watching swans, touring ancient monuments, or wandering through gardens a day at Leeds castle makes sense.

If you find yourself spending time in the southeast of France, perhaps near Lyon, then a trip out into the countryside, to visit the medieval city of Perouges, is a must. Situated on a hill, overlooking the surrounding valleys, the site has been inhabited for centuries. In its early life, Perouges was an important local center, and it was involved in a fair amount of political strife. Surviving sieges and changes in allegiance throughout the 1200 – 1600s, it remained a rich city and a center of the textile industry. However, as railroads developed and rerouted traffic from the area, Perouges fell on hard times. Like many cities forgotten by the modern era, the authentic stone walls and houses remained standing, even as the population fell from over 1,500 to only a handful of families. At the beginning of the 1900s, the medieval charm of the city was rediscovered, and restoration began. These days, Perouges thrives as a destination for visitors to experience a true medieval city. While industry may have left, the city is now famous for is its classification as one of the most beautiful cities in France (Plus Beaux Villages de France), and for a unique type of sugary pizza sold in its bakeries. So if you want to lose track of time in medieval surroundings, Perouges is a good choice for admiring period architecture while soaking up sunshine in the main square!

If you find yourself in the foothills of the Swabian Alps in Germany, a visit to the small town of Hechingen may be in order. The countryside is picturesque, but it is Castle Hohenzollern which draws visitors. Situated on Mount Hohenzollern, overlooking Hechingen, a castle has occupied the site since the 1000s. The original castle, home to the Counts of Zollern, was praised as one of the most beautiful in the region, but there is no trace of it today. After being destroyed in 1423 during a siege, a new castle was built in its place – but this is still not the castle that greets visitors today. Construction on the third (and current) incarnation of Castle Hohenzollern was begun in 1850, by a descendent of the original Counts of Zollern. Without the need for defenses, the new structure was designed to be a showpiece of Gothic Revival architecture, complete with all the turrets needed for a fairy tale castle. Indeed, the Hohenzollern family used the castle as a showpiece, befitting their imperial status, as rulers of Prussia and later Kaisers of Germany. Castle Hohenzollern retains the memory of that illustrious past, with mementos such as the crown of Kaiser Wilhelm II, personal effects of Frederick the Great and even a letter from George Washington to Baron van Steuben (also of the Hohenzollern family) thanking him for his aide during the American Revolutionary war. While Castle Hohenzollern may be more fairytale than truth, it still holds a place in world history, and a magnificent view of the Swabian Alps well worth the climb.

The city of Madrid, capital of Spain, is an impressive city by any standards. It is the second largest in the European Union and while it is an economic and technological hub, throughout its growth it has managed to maintain areas of historic charm. One such area is the Plaza Mayor. It has been at the heart of historic Madrid since it first rose to prominence in 1561, when King Philip II first relocated the royal court there. Originally a market, the plaza was redesigned in the early 1600s, and closed in by impressive buildings. The architecture changed over the centuries due to frequent fires, but by 1854, the square had assumed its present-day façade, complete with 237 balconies lining the square and 10 arched entrances. The architecture was not the only thing to change frequently. The name of the plaza has had a tendency to reflect the turbulent politics of Spain. In times when a parliament ruled, it was called the Plaza de la Constitución, and when absolute monarchies held power, it was the Plaza Real. It was only after the Spanish Civil war, in the 1930s, that the famous square was rechristened Plaza Mayor – a name which has stuck (so far). The heart of Madrid may have moved since its historic founding, but the plaza still remains a central feature of Madrid and a great place to relax over a cup of coffee for tourists and natives alike.

Situated on the sea, the Netherlands has been inexorably linked to the water. The Dutch battle against the sea has shaped the nation – in this case literally! Nowhere can this be seen more clearly than in the Zuiderzee region, at the heart of the Netherlands. Originally, the Zuiderzee connected directly to the North Sea. Many cities and towns made their living from fishing and trade, such as Enkhuizen, which served as a headquarters for the Dutch East India company. Despite the many advantages of the Zuiderzee, it could also be vicious, causing devastating destruction with its storms. The last great flood in January of 1916, sparked the Dutch to start building an ambitious new dam, cutting off the Zuiderzee forever. With the opening of the Afsluitdijk, on May 28, 1932, the Zuiderzee was split into the Waddenzee to the north and the Ijsselmeer, now a freshwater lake at the heart of the country. While the dam brought safety from flooding, it also changed the way of life for the region forever. To preserve the local history, in 1950 the Zuiderzee Museum was opened, in the city of Enkhuizen. Displaying preserved boats, artefacts from the Dutch East India company, and an outdoor museum set up as a traditional fishing village, the museum offers a rare glimpse into Dutch life in its battle with the sea that is well worth a visit!

The city of Venice evokes many different emotions and has inspired art and architecture for centuries. Built on a series of 118 islands in the Venetian Lagoon, the city was already the capital of the Republic of Venice in 697. During the expansion of the republic, the city grew in influence. With its canals, it acquired an iconic architectural style, and many of its most famous palaces reflect the Gothic tastes of its golden era. Not only a powerful city, Venice was home to renowned artists, who immortalized the canals, and developed a unique cultural heritage. Perhaps the most famous remnant is the Carnival of Venice. Celebrated before Lent, the carnival is said to have begun in the mid-1160s to mark a military victory. However, as centuries passed, the celebration came to be associated with lavish clothing and Venice’s distinctive masks. The fall of the Republic of Venice occurred in 1797, after being conquered by Napoleon. Later that year, it was ceded to the Holy Roman Empire, and the carnival disappeared. Despite several turbulent centuries since, Venice has remained a center of the arts and culture and in 1979, it was once again home to Carnival, complete with its distinctive masks. Definitely a colorful event for all to enjoy.

The name Cadillac can conjure many images. For most, it refers to a brand of car. For others, it is a quiet and picturesque town on the banks of the Garonne river, in France. Both are true, and inexorably linked through the actions of one man: Antoine Laumet, who became known as Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac. Antoine was born in a small town in France in 1658, but he emigrated to the New World when he found himself penniless and destitute in his mid-20’s. His explorations took him across New England and Canada, searching for trade opportunities. Only a few years in this new land, Antoine had completely reinvented himself. He gave himself ties to the nobility, by adopting the name “Cadillac” (an inspiration from the Baron of Lamothe-Bardigues, lord of Cadillac, Launay and Le Moutet – all villages located close to his birthplace), and he even invented a crest to go along with the titles. In possession of a new identity, Antoine went on to hold several positions within the provincial French government of the New World, eventually becoming the governor of Louisiana in 1710. However, his most famous deed was his founding of the Fort Pontchartrain du Detroit on July 24, 1701. This settlement grew exponentially, to become known as the city of Detroit, and the home of the Cadillac car company, named in Antoine’s honor. Thus, a humble French village, situated in an area known primarily for production of Sauternes wines, has also become linked to a major metropolitan area in the United States and automobile production.

Politics and religion have shaped the modern world we live in, and the German city of Wittenberg has been involved in its fair share of both. Walking through the historic city center, the appearance of a sleepy town is deceiving. A fledgling town in the 1200s, by the late 1400s, Wittenberg was an important political hub and the seat of the Elector of Saxony – a very powerful title within the Holy Roman Empire. The Elector, in turn, founded the University of Wittenberg in 1502, attracting scholars, clergymen . . . and some radical ideas concerning religious reform. One of their number was Martin Luther, who is remembered as a key figure of the Protestant Reformation. According to tradition, the upheaval began when he nailed 95 Theses to the door of the Castle Church in 1517. Despite centuries of wars and plagues, Luther might still recognize the old town of Wittenberg – since rechristened Lutherstadt Wittenberg in his honor. The distinctive bell tower of the Castle Church, which served as the University’s chapel, still stands watch over the city. However, the wooden doors were lost in the 1760s, due to fire. The bronze doors which now grace the church continue to commemorate Luther’s legacy, with their inscription of the 95 Theses. Though its history may be highly controversial, a stroll through the old town of Wittenberg is sure to delight!

Situated along the River Scheldt, the city of Antwerp has been a cultural and business capital for centuries, despite fortunes which have risen and fallen with Europe’s politics and conflicts. Antwerp first rose to importance during the 1500s, fueled by the trade that poured into its docks. The meteoric rise to become the economic capital of the continent was followed shortly after by the turmoil of the Dutch reformation and their struggle for independence against the Spanish. After suffering multiple sieges, and treaties that closed trade along the Scheldt for centuries, Antwerp slipped into obscurity . . . until the city again gained prominence under Napoleon in the 1800s, who planned to make the port a rival to London. With his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon’s vision could not be realized, but Antwerp was not forgotten, even hosting the 1920 Summer Olympics. The devastation of two World Wars was offset in the mid-1950s, when the port was fully revitalized to attract new industry, and the city reimagined itself in the 1990s as a center of fashion. Throughout the city there are reminders of Antwerp’s rich history, and its notable residents – not the least of which was Peter Paul Rubens, who made the city his home from 1609 until his death. If you are in the area, a stroll through Antwerp is a wonderful way to spend a day, with its many historic brick gables, fine art, and fashionable vibe – just don’t be caught in the rush hour traffic!

There is little doubt that American pioneers and inventors, not only shaped the United States of America, but also had a major influence on science and culture around the world. Preserving that legacy was a dream of the automobile giant Henry Ford, and one that he pursued with enthusiasm in the 1930s. The result is over two hundred years of the American spirit and ingenuity on display at Greenfield Village, part of The Henry Ford (Dearborn, Michigan). Building the village was no small task. Henry Ford bought and relocated historic buildings from around the country that were either associated with historic people and events – such as Thomas Edison’s Menlo Park or the bicycle shop of the Wright Brothers – or that represented particular time periods or walks of life. As such, southern plantations are nestled next to log cabins and store fronts display period pieces of haberdashery just down the street from working farms. Not only are the buildings and items historic, but the transportation is, as well. The visitor can walk around on foot, catch a ride from a horse and carriage, travel by steam in restored locomotives, or choose to see the sights from a Model-T (Henry Ford’s signature automobile). What brings the magic to life are the reenactors who work tirelessly to make everything real, which involves a great deal of hard work! With so many unique experiences and a backdrop of beautiful scenery – especially during harvest season – Greenfield Village is fun for all ages.

Amusement parks fascinate the young and old alike – and have for many generations! Nowhere is that tradition more evident than in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. While many may associate the city with Hans Christian Anderson’s little mermaid (who sits on a rock in the bay), for those who are young at heart, it is also known for Tivoli gardens. The gardens opened on August 15, 1843 on the outskirts of town. By the 1850s, they had relocated to the heart of the city, and have remained in continuous operation ever since – which makes it the second oldest in the world, and one of the most visited. In fact, the gardens are so famous, that in many Scandinavian languages, the word Tivoli is synonymous with an amusement park. It has always been filled with attractions, which have changed over time, including pantomimes, orchestras, and roller coasters. The fun takes place in a beautiful setting, complete with fairy tale buildings, trees and flowers. However, Tivoli truly becomes magical at night, when the paths are illuminated with thousands of lights. Whatever season, or time of day, it is worth taking some time for a walk through these memorable gardens!

Traveling to the north of Europe brings a change in landscape and a change in culture. The country of Norway, known for its scenic fjords, has a close connection to the water, and Oslo, the largest city, demonstrates that with its position along a bay. While it has not always been the capital city, Oslo has always been strategically important for Norway and its royal family. It was for this reason that King Haakon V began construction on the Akershus Fortress in the late 1290s. As large walled residence, this castle has stood the test of time – and several unsuccessful sieges over the centuries. Although built for defense, it rose to even greater prominence as the political capital of Norway shifted from Bergen to Oslo over the centuries. By the mid-1600s it was the main royal residence and remodeled with numerous towers and grand state rooms. In fact, when Oslo was rebuilt following a fire in 1624, the entire city was moved, to make Akershus the new hub. (Oslo was also renamed to Christiania, until 1925, to make matters more or less confusing). Today, the royals have moved out of Akershus, only maintaining their ties in the family mausoleum. Instead, the fortress has new life as a public museum, and as ever, serves as the focal point of the Oslo waterline.

Ireland has been called the Emerald Isle, and it isn’t hard to see why! Before arriving, even the casual visitor is greeted by green fields, from the window of an airplane. The majority of the island is devoted to pastures, filled with lush green grass, which never seem to get dull – even in the depths of winter. For the most part, the scenery is filled with gentle hills, dotted in sheep, that roll by, all the way to the sea. Those waters have played a significant part in Irish culture, with the coming and going of people and ideas. Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, is said to have arrived in the 400s AD, and to have expelled the snakes shortly thereafter. Much less welcome visitors were the bands of Vikings which raided the Irish settlements from time to time! Migration can be a touchy subject for the Irish, trying to untangle the contributions of various visitors, and trace those of Irish descent who emigrated across oceans. Romans, Normans and the British all came to the island and left their mark, creating a distinctly Irish culture remains, with their characteristic crosses, music and traditions. Bring your umbrella and good walking boots, and you are sure to see a lot of green!

Is there anything more stereotypical of an English garden than roses? They certainly take center stage around June, bursting out in all shapes and colors. While some roses are known for their showiness, others fill the air with a heady perfume. Generally known as “old roses” the historic and scented varieties were in danger of disappearing from the English countryside in the mid 1900s. However, Graham Thomas, a gardener who worked side by side with the National Trust for many years, was determined to preserve them. Not only did he write many books to highlight these extraordinary and delicate flowers, but he also collected many old roses from around the world. While he may be gone, that collection is still alive and well, located in the walled garden at Mottisfont in Hampshire, where it has been since 1972. Anyone fortunate enough to visit in mid-June, will be bowled over by the garden, which delights several senses: you can hear the hum of bees well before passing by the stately brick walls, see an abundance of roses in all colors, and smell the beautiful fragrance even before passing the garden gate. Definitely a jewel in the English countryside and a treasure for rose-lovers everywhere!

The summer sunshine is intense in the city of Malaga, located in southern Spain. With its location on the Costa del Sol, right on the Mediterranean, it has been home to many different people in its over 2,800-year lifespan. The evidence is all around the city, from the Roman theater to the fortresses occupying the hillsides. These fortresses are still imposing, although their usefulness has long since passed. They are a reminder of the people who left perhaps the greatest mark on the region - the Moors, who resided in Malaga from the 700s all the way to 1487. Originally serving as a defense against pirates in the 1000s, the fortresses were enlarged and redecorated as centuries passed. Even after several centuries of Spanish ownership, the design remains distinctly Moorish, with the characteristic arches and columns throughout. The lower part of the fortress, which served as the royal residence, is known as the Alcazaba, and contains small gardens and numerous water features in the many courtyards. If you care to climb further, up a steep hill, the Alcazaba is connected to the upper fortress, known as the castle of Gibralfaro. It can be a tough climb, but the views over Malaga are worth the effort.

A traveler in China will see many unique sites – ancient and modern. In the Sichuan Province, the city of Chengdu stands out for its long history and unique cuisine, officially recognized as a UNESCO city of gastronomy. A taste of hot pot (meat and vegetables cooked in a soup) is a must, if you can stand the spice! However, if you are in Chengdu, you may have the opportunity to see a different sort of Chinese symbol: the panda. It makes sense, as the vast majority of all giant pandas live within the Sichuan Province. The pandas in Chengdu aren’t wild but are part of an ongoing effort to save this endangered species. In 1987, the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding opened its doors, starting with 6 rescued pandas. Through breeding programs and partnerships with zoos around the world, the Research Base has ensured over 120 births, and now has a resident panda population of over 80 animals. Visitors are invited to look around and watch the pandas in all stages of life – from the very young to very old, and all sorts of family groups in between – surrounded in the bamboo they love to eat. Just don’t expect too much movement from the pandas, as they are notoriously lazy, preferring not to expend energy whenever possible. However, to a visitor, that means a much better look at one of the worlds most famous animals!

The city of Kotor is a gem, located in a secluded bay along the Montenegro coast. Nestled by the water, at the foothills of the surrounding mountains, the city has always held a prominent position in the region. As a major trading port in the Adriatic Sea, it had a strong amount of independence throughout its existence, but eventually falling into obscurity during the turmoil of world wars. Recent decades has seen a revival in its popularity, driven by tourism. And with a past stretching back centuries, it is little wonder, since Kotor maintains a charming old-world feel, with its stone streets and architecture. However, it is the fortifications that hold it all together, and which have earned Kotor a place as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The walls which surround the old city were built by the Venetians during their rule over the city from 1420 – 1797. Impressive bastions greet any visitor arriving by sea, but the defensive walls don’t stop there. Instead, they scale the side of the mountain, visible even from the harbor, protecting Kotor from its foes in all directions. While the need for walls may have passed, the adventurous can still walk along the ancient fortifications. More accurately, they can elect to climb the 100s of steps up, up and up the steep mountain, for a view of the city spread out below!

If you wish to find the oldest continually operating republic and the smallest, then you must travel to the Republic of San Marino. These days, the small country is quiet and prosperous, maintaining its ancient traditions and welcoming tourists. However, maintaining its sovereignty as an enclave, completely surrounded by Italy, been no small task throughout its history. Officially, San Marino was born in 301 AD, although it only achieved its current size in the 1400s. Its constitution, with elements modeled on the Roman Republic, dates from the late 1500s and is still in use. Through diplomacy and statecraft, San Marino maintained its independence through the Napoleonic wars, and because it served as a refuge for many sympathizers during the fight for Italian unification, it was granted the right to remain a state. Nestled in the Apennine mountains, the country features many hills – and no flat land! The capital, also called San Marino, is proof of this, sitting on the slopes of the country’s tallest mountain: Mount Titano. As the capital, the city of San Marino houses the governmental buildings, but more famous are its three iconic towers (Guaita, Cesta, and Montale) which decorate San Marino’s national flag. If you can make the climb to the three towers situated along the peak, there are spectacular views and treacherous steps around every corner.

White buildings with blue painted trim, gleaming in the Mediterranean sun – it is no wonder that tourism thrives in the Greek islands! Despite a mild climate the region’s history has been as turbulent as the sea, although these days, it is the vibrant nightlife that makes waves, rather than politics. An example is the popular destination of Mykonos, a patch of land consisting of 33 square miles in the Aegean Sea. Its story starts with its first king (Mykonos), a relative of the god Apollo, who gave his name to the small island. For much of its long history, Mykonos was a trading post. It belonged to several empires, including the Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans. That changed in the 1820s, with the Greek revolution, in which the island’s inhabitants rose to the forefront, succeeding in gaining independence in 1830. With so much history on and around its shores, it is little wonder that Mykonos is home to one of the oldest Greek museums, opened in 1905. A walk down the streets of the capital city gives views not only of the stereotypically Greek architecture (complete with a thriving population of cats, ready and willing to welcome all visitors), but also iconic windmills - fitting for a place nicknamed the “Island of the Winds”. Whether you prefer history, sandy beaches or a sunny clime, Mykonos may be the place for you.

In a country which has been slowly reclaimed from the sea over the past few centuries, you would expect water management to be a hot topic. Indeed, the constant threat of flood has led the people in the Netherlands to develop many different technologies aimed at maintaining the delicate balance between land and sea! This struggle has left a lasting impression on the landscape, not just informing the design of fields and towns, but leading to the rise of windmills, which have become a lasting symbol of the Dutch culture. The function of windmills can be hugely varied – from milling grain to pumping water. While more modern methods have taken their place, at Kinderdijk in Southern Holland, you can still get a glimpse of how these structures shaped the Dutch countryside and culture by maintaining the water table. No fewer than 19 historic windmills are clustered along a short stretch of polder, the largest concentration in the Netherlands today! As a UNESCO site since 1997, Kinderdijk is dedicated to demonstrating how windmill keepers lived and worked through the centuries, and how windmill technology has evolved. An afternoon spent along this historic stretch will give anyone a new appreciation for the Dutch struggle against the sea, and for the men and women who called these distinctive structures home.

What could be more iconic of Washington D.C., capital of the United States, than the Capitol Building? It is difficult to miss - dominating one end of the National Mall. However, the building wasn’t always so imposing. The original architect of Washington DC, Pierre Charles L’Enfant was dismissed before a design could be completed. Instead, in 1792 a design competition ensued, but trained architects were in short supply in the newly formed United States. Despite the tumult, congress moved into a modest building in 1800 . . . only to have it burned in the War of 1812! By 1850, an expanding congress needed more space, and wings were constructed on either side. In an effort to balance the massive extensions, the large central dome was added on top of the Capitol Building, replacing the earlier version and completing the well-known silhouette. A little over a century later, in 1960, the Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark. With a few small design changes here and there through the decades, and some major TLC in the early 2000’s, the Capitol Building continues to draw the eyes of nearly every visitor to Washington D.C.

Mount Rushmore is one of the most recognizable American monuments, and one that draws many visitors a year. However, the southwestern tip of South Dakota is home to more than just the famous carved faces. In fact, the Black Hills region is a stunning departure from the flat farmland of central South Dakota. Badlands National park can be found here, known for its otherworldly striated rock structures jutting out of the grass lands. Nearby, Wind Cave National Parks hosts one of the densest cave systems in the world, and the first cave to be named a national park as far back as 1903. Geology, in all its glory, isn’t the only thing that is on display in these unique habitats. The region is home to many animals, including goats, cougars, foxes and iconic American bison, living on reserves such as Custer State Park. The Needles Highway, a 14 mile winding route through trees and granite cliffs, is a scenic way to see a small portion of what the Black Hills have to offer. Just be prepared to stop for the local wildlife along the way!

You would hardly expect to find a monument to the German monarchy in the middle of the Netherlands, and yet, the small estate of Huis Doorn is just that. After the expulsion of Kaiser Wilhelm II from Germany at the end of WWI, he fled the country (along with a great deal of his personal treasures) and took refuge in neighboring Netherlands, where his cousin Queen Wilhelmina ruled. The former Kaiser lived in style and took an interest in the estate. Not only did he plant gardens and specimen trees, but one of his greatest past times was cutting wood with an ax. He was so renowned for the activity, that he was known by some as “The Woodchopper of Doorn”. Despite his fall from power, he never stopped hoping for a revitalization of the Prussian monarchy. On his death in 1941, he left explicit instructions that his body is to be returned to Germany for burial once the monarchy is reestablished. For the foreseeable future, it rests at Huis Doorn, an unlikely center of twentieth century politics.

If you happen to get off at the South Kensington tube stop in London, you will find yourself in a district full of magnificent and very famous museums. The Natural History museum and the Science museum both reside here, and just across the street, is the Victoria and Albert museum (V&A). As the world’s largest collection dedicated to the decorative arts and design, it houses an eclectic collection of nearly everything on its 12.5 acre site. Officially opened in 1857 by Queen Victoria, wandering through the building you can find jewelry, ceramics, musical instruments, furniture, and even building facades from all over the world. Indeed, one of the magical qualities of the V&A is that around every corner, there are items that you never thought to see, and may never see again, as the floorplan is a warren to halls and galleries. So if you find yourself with an hour free, it is well worth a stroll in this cultural masterpiece, to experience the grandeur of art experienced through everyday items.

If you want to experience peace and tranquility, Lake Bled is a good choice. Situated by the beautiful Julian alps, in northern Slovenia, the lake is surrounded by lush forested hills with a castle overlooking the tranquil waters. While walking or cycling around the lake is invigorating, to tour its one small island up close (complete with church) requires braving the waters. Not to worry, no motor boats are allowed on the lake, ensuring the calm. Instead, passage across to the island is traditionally done via a pletna boat – a flat bottomed boat with a canopy, unique to Lake Bled. The boat is propelled with two oars, still operated by hand. In fact, the job of oarsman on Lake Bled is very exclusive. In 1740, Empress Maria Teresa, of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, decreed that only 22 families had the right to ferry passengers to and from the island – and even today, the job is restricted. The fare to and from the island is negotiable – in general you are rowed out for free but pay for the return trip. However, you can’t experience Lake Bled fully without seeing the view from a pletna.

Can a garden be more than a bed of flowers? Sissinghurst Castle, located in southern England, proves that it can be! The site itself has very ancient origins, although not all of its history has been rosy. It was a thriving country manor in the 1500s, even visited by Queen Elizabeth I, but later centuries led to hard times, and by the late 1700s, the manor was so decrepit, that it was deemed only suitable for detaining French prisoners of war. While the prisoners’ stay may have been under duress, they left a lasting impression on Sissinghurst by giving it the name of “castle” – a designation that it retained, even as the site deteriorated further. By the 1930s, all that was left was a near ruin, in the midst of poorly maintained surroundings. However, at that moment the poet and writer Vita Sackville-West and her husband decided to purchase the estate. From meager beginnings, they spent decades transforming Sissinghurst Castle and pouring their energy into the gardens there. The result, which can be visited today, is among the most famous gardens in the country, which has been highly influential to garden design, thanks to Vita Sackville-West’s writing. Definitely a place where poetry and flowers both flourished!

The Netherlands are renowned for tulips, canals and Rembrandt - and rightly so. However, anyone who has walked down the streets of Amsterdam will know that bicycles form a large part of Dutch life. With wide open countryside, which is almost completely flat (if not below sea level), it is no wonder that cycling became a major mode of transportation. Indeed, the transportation system is so bike friendly, that roads for cyclists are almost better maintained than those for cars, and the parking is just as problematic at busy train stations. The Dutch also prove that there is never a point when you are too young to cycle, with parents often riding with 2-3 children of all ages in various seats in front and behind them, and kids of no more than six easily overtaking casual sightseers as they pedal to school. As a tourist, there is only one golden rule for interacting with Dutch cyclists: Never walk on the cycle path. Break that rule, and you are bound to meet a bicycle, up close and personal, much faster than you thought possible!

There are many reasons to visit Vienna, the capital of Austria: beautiful architecture, charming cafes, impressive museums, and – of course! – the tradition of theatre and music. For centuries, Vienna served as a seat of power to the Hapsburg royal family, which ruled from 1440-1918. These aristocrats sponsored many building projects and artists, including scores of musicians. This patronage made Vienna a hub for many aspiring artists: Mozart, Johannes Brahms, Beethoven, Haydn, Strauss, and more. While many of these famous composers and performers are long gone, the tradition of music and theatre continues, and most important festivities within the city are marked with a concert, dance, or both. In this way, the waltz has become synonymous with the city and remains a national pastime for young and old. So, for any traveler through Vienna, take a moment and listen as you pass through this grand city.

Autumn is known to be a colorful season, especially across the northern US, which turns gold, orange and red annually. However, it isn’t just the fall color that makes this season such a stand out in the state of Michigan. As a leading producer of fruit in the States, Michigan farmers grow many different crops – and the western portion of the state hosts a cherry festival in summer and its own wine region. However, autumn is synonymous with apple orchards throughout the state, and visiting them is a favorite pastime for natives. They come in all shapes and sizes, large and small, historic or newly minted, but one thing they have in common are the wide variety of apples and apple cider for sale. But if apples aren’t to your liking, they also bake fresh donuts as well!

When you see an amphitheater, do you automatically assume you are in Rome? Think again! The arena in Pula, Croatia is one of the best preserved examples of Roman architecture in the world, and is among the six largest survivors left standing today. The city of Pula once stood along a main road leading to Rome, a location that made the city a regional capital, and in 27 BC, construction started on the giant amphitheater. The walls of the structure reach nearly 100 feet, encompassing 15 gates, and it could accommodate 23,000 people! The true wonder of this structure is that, even after many changes in government and several world wars, the outer walls still stand, encircling a sandy arena which still captivates visitors.

Madrid is a vibrant metropolis in the very heart of Spain, filled with grand architecture which exemplifies its role as a capital city and the seat of royalty. However, like any large city, it also contains quiet parks and gardens which allow residents and visitors an escape from the noise and chaos of busy streets. The Buen Retiro Park, located at the heart of Madrid, is a beautiful example. Once a royal garden, the park has undergone many building phases, and royal relics remain scattered around its 350 acres. While the park became public in the mid 1860s, that wasn’t the end of the royal mementos. In 1922, the park unveiled a grand monument to Alfonso XII of Spain. Sitting above a small artificial lake, it is a colonnade, reaching 100 feet (30 meters) tall and 280 feet (86 meters) wide. At the center, sits Alfonso XII on his horse, in an enviable position to enjoy the peacefulness of Buen Retiro and watch the row boats on the lake. Definitely a good place to recharge after seeing the sights of Madrid.

The Bordeaux region of France is known for its wine and scenic landscape. The lifeblood of trade in this area has historically centered on the rivers: the Dordonge, the Garonne, and their estuary the Gironde. Sailing along these waters, you can encounter many acres of vineyards, but also the signs of long inhabitation. The white cliffs along the shore are riddled with caves that have provided homes for several centuries. And every now and then a more elaborate piece of architecture catches the eye, such as the church of St Radegonde.

Southern Switzerland is home to many tall mountains and has long been a favored destination for climbers. No peak has as much notoriety as the Matterhorn, which towers above the small village of Zermatt. While it is not the tallest mountain in Switzerland, its height (over 14,000 feet) and its distinctive peak, made it one of the last mountains in the range to be scaled. It was only in 1865 that the first party were able to reach the top, only to encounter disaster during their descent. With its alluring beauty and treacherous slopes, it remains a destination for climbers across the world . . . or for those who prefer not to brave the elements, you can get great views from the nearby mountain railway, and a warm drink in cozy Zermatt.

In the early 1900s, in a tranquil corner of the English countryside, a gentleman by the name of G. Baron Ash began transforming Packwood estate. His goal was to create a masterpiece which could set off his country hospitality. What emerged was an iconic garden and a house filled with antiques, fresh flowers and charm! However, Packwood was founded centuries before Baron Ash arrived, by a family of yeoman farmers. Not only did they put up the original structure around 1570, but successive generations improved the estate, creating an impressive brick mansion by the early 1700s. Packwood today owes its appearance in equal parts to both parties and is a country oasis welcoming all visitors!

For centuries, the city of Krakow has stood at the heart of Polish history. Legend says that the city was built on the site of a dragon’s lair, which today is known as the Wawel hill. While no dragons lurk beneath the hill anymore, as the former capital of the Polish kingdom, Krakow’s Wawel hill hosts an impressive array of walls and towers, along with the royal residence. However, with its towers and domed chapels, it is the Wawel Cathedral that steals the show. Numerous kings been crowned (and buried) here, and it continues to serve as a national monument, housing the Sigismund bell – a 13 ton cast bell from the 1500s which tolls only for important Polish holidays and events. No trip to Krakow would be complete without a walk up to the Wawel hill!

Along the coastline of Montenegro, in the Bay of Kotor, sits the town of Perast. While it is quiet now, up until the 1800s, it was a thriving city full of wealth. Overshadowing the city is the local legend. It is said that in 1492, local sailors found a painting of Madonna on a rock near the harbor. Taking it as a divine signal, they began to throw a rock into the sea after each successful trip – a custom which spread to other sailors from Perast. Over the centuries of rock throwing, an island emerged from the sea, on which they built a church (Our Lady of the Rocks). Centuries later, a church and museum still stands, enclosing the original painting which inspired it all.

In the peaceful countryside in Kent, England, you can find a gem called Ightham Mote. It might just be another charming country manor, but what makes this house unique are its historic foundations and architectural features, still visible today. The house sprang up in the early 1300s and is a reminder of what life was like in the Middle Ages. With over 70 rooms, Ightham Mote is a large square enclosing a central courtyard – complete with a moat around the outside! In earlier centuries, gaining access to the shady courtyard was only after passing the imposing gatehouse, but these days, the manor welcomes many visitors to admire its unique walls – and if walls could talk, they would have many stories! Having been passed through many families, Ightham hosted all manner of society, from local farmers to artists, such as John Singer Sargent. Truly a beautiful slice of history.

There is nothing quite like the hustle and bustle of an outdoor market, and in Libourne, France, the market is front and center – occupying the entire main square. Libourne is an old city, founded in 1270 on the banks of the Dordogne river where it meets the Isle. Unfortunately, as an important port along the river, it was plagued by the constant fighting in the region between the English and French. Despite a rocky past, today it proudly boasts remnants of the old fortified walls and a fine old city hall which serves as a backdrop for the market. As an oasis in the heart of France’s Bordeaux wine region, it is a great place to stop and take in everyday life.

Located at the heart of Istanbul, Turkey, Topkapi palace is a place rich in culture and history. The palace was built in the mid 1400s, after the Ottoman empire captured the city (then Constantinople). It served as the main residence of the Sultan and his court for centuries. Naturally, it was expanded as time went on, although the basic layout did not alter. It assumed its current name “Topkapi” – meaning “cannon gate” – in the 1800s. While its importance was unquestioned, the palace’s importance began to diminish in the 19th century when the Sultan moved out to more modern palaces. Only the mint, library and treasury remained, until the overthrow of the Ottoman rule in 1923. Since then, Topkapi has served as a museum, holding valuable treasures and giving visitors a glimpse in to the privileged life of the Ottoman court. With such striking architecture, it remains a true gem in Istanbul.

A sure sign of spring is when the early bulbs start to bloom – daffodils, crocus, hyacinth and tulips. If any place comes to mind at springtime, it must be the Netherlands, with their long history of cultivating bulbs. The crowning jewel in their floral displays take place in Keukenhof gardens: a must see for every gardener! Every year, over seven MILLION bulbs are planted, carpeting the 32 hectare space in bursts of color. Of these, the tulips often take center stage. These fascinating flowers were a controlling market in the Dutch economy (known as “tulip mania”) and while they are no longer more valuable than gold, the Dutch still take great pride in their iconic flower.

An idyllic setting in the English countryside, Hever castle is also a place steeped in English history. The origins of the castle date back to the 1200s. However, the current form owes a great deal to the Tudor age, when the Boleyn family converted the castle into their main residence. It was here that Anne Boleyn, the second King Henry VIII’s many wives, grew up. While Anne’s marriage didn’t end well – she was beheaded in 1536 – Henry VIII kept the castle. Through a succession of owners, by the early 1900s the property had fallen into disrepair. Luckily, it was saved from ruin by William Waldorf Astor, an American millionaire in need of a country retreat. Today, the gardens are once again a delight for all ages, and well worth a stop.

Just a short distance away from the city of Bordeaux, in the west of France, lies the town of Cognac. Like much of the region, the surrounding fields are dedicated to grown grapes. However, unlike nearby Bordeaux, these grapes are destined for an entirely different purpose: brandy. This type of brandy is extremely special, and only in this location can it be called “cognac”. In order to achieve the drink, for which this region is famous, the grapes must be double distilled and aged in oak – a lengthy process, especially since the highest quality (XO) is aged for upwards of 10 years. Each vineyard has its own special recipe and blend to achieve a unique taste. Regardless, the result will be outstanding!

Scotland, with its moors, lochs and heather is home to more sheep than people. Another feature of the Scottish landscape are its islands. There are over 790 isles along the coast, ranging from bits of uninhabited rock to patches of land measuring thousands of square kilometers. Regardless of the size, each has its own unique personality and wildlife. The Isle of Mull, for example, is a mountainous island. It is known for the colorful waterfront of its largest city, Tobermory. The single malt whisky produced there is also an added attraction for visitors!

Shanghai, China has embraced the modern era, and become a city filled with skyscrapers. However, there still exist some pockets of greenery, such as the Yuyuan Garden. This garden was first constructed in the 1570s, as the finest example in the region. Contained in 5 acres of land are rock gardens, ponds with koi, and many traditional examples of Chinese architecture. Centuries haven’t dimmed its grandeur! Through rebellions and wars, the gardens have continued to thrive, and in 1982 were declared a national monument. Well worth a visit, to relax from the bustling downtown.

On the outskirts of London, you can find a monument to royal ambitions, known as Hampton Court. Founded by a religious order, in 1514 the site was taken over by the Archbishop of York, who began to expand it into a palace. The Archbishop did not have long to enjoy his finished masterpiece, but gave Hampton Court to King Henry VIII as a gift in 1528 – an effort to survive Tudor politics. Henry lost no time in expanding and remodeling, leaving behind a truly massive palace. Of his successors, it was King William III and Queen Mary II who spent the most time in Hampton Court. They began renovations to turn the Tudor relic into a Baroque masterpiece in the 1680s. However, before they could finish, Mary died, and William lost interest in the project. King George II (1683-1769) was the last monarch to use the palace, and thus no further renovations were made. These days, it is a snapshot of Tudor and Baroque architecture on a massive scale, set in formal gardens. In other words, a perfect place to wander on a sunny day.

The city of York, in northern England, is surrounded by medieval walls, which tell of its rich past. Founded as a Roman city in 71 AD, the city remained a power in the north for many centuries and for many different kingdoms. During that time, trade played a large part in York’s history, as it was situated on the river Ouse. However, today it is the medieval charm of the city which draws tourists: from the stone walls to the impressive York Minster – an example of Gothic architecture at its best. Not every building survived intact, and within the walls, travelers can also find the ruins of monasteries and other relics. Altogether, it makes York a wonderful place to step back through time.

Kew Gardens, on the outskirts of London, are a true oasis from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. The study of botany owes a great deal to the efforts at Kew, where British scientists have amassed an impressive collection of plants from around the world. A collection of this size – 300 acres – does not happen overnight, but has been the culmination of centuries of work. The vast park originated as a royal residence, with the first semblance of the gardens appearing in 1772. Over time, Kew transitioned from a fashionable park for the nobility, while managing to retain some of the quirky additions (like a Chinese pagoda from 1761). Many of the original greenhouses, from the 1840s, also survive along with the many plants that were brought across the globe. It is well worth a visit to wander through the magnificent collection: from palms to cacti, grasslands to alpine rock gardens.

While Vatican City, located in the heart of Rome, may be the smallest state in the World, at only 110 acres, it is packed with treasures. This city state was established in 1929, when the Catholic popes gave up secular power over their lands (the Papal States), to complete the unification of Italy. Many structures grace this tiny state, but the Vatican Museums have earned the right to be considered most famous. They house many notable antiquities amassed by the popes over centuries. Founded in the 16th century, the museum is more like a maze of richly decorated rooms filled with priceless artworks. It is worth taking some time to examine each room. Masters such as Rafael, Titan, and Michelangelo grace the space and courtyards and hallways are filled with Roman sculpture and decorated in rich marble and mosaics. The most famous work in the Vatican Museums, however, is found in the very last room: the Sistine Chapel. To truly appreciate everything would require at least a week, but even a quick visit will leave a lasting impression!

At the center of Slovenia sits Ljubljana, the capital city and also the largest. Rumor has it that on this site, the Argonauts slayed a dragon. Whether you believe it or not, the city definitely dates back to antiquity. However, there is very little evidence of that at street level today. In 1895, Ljubljana was nearly leveled by a massive earthquake. Rebuilding began soon afterwards, and what emerged in the early 1900s was a truly unique masterpiece. With wide boulevards and beautiful architecture, such as the Robba fountain at the city center, it is no wonder that this city has become a popular tourist destination.

If you find yourself in the south of Germany, the town of Sigmaringen may be worth visiting. Small and charming, it exemplifies stately architecture – and the skyline is nothing short of breathtaking! The many spires belong chiefly to Sigmaringen castle, which has occupied its rocky ledge above the city as far back as the 11th century. This very stately residence was largely rebuilt in the mid-1800s to be a destination for royalty and the rich in Europe. It wasn’t a far stretch, as the princes had their own claim to royalty. In fact, the reigning prince was offered the Spanish crown in 1868 – an offer which caused quite a stir. The prince eventually declined, after much political maneuvering, but it still precipitated the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). These days, the castle is still an elegant destination, offering glimpses into a different time and a lifestyle not many will experience!

While many hear the name Guernsey and conjure up images of a cow, the Isle of Guernsey lies in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. While it is tied to Great Britain, its proximity to mainland Europe has given it a unique history. Not surprisingly, given that it is an island, the population has long held ties to the water. Over the centuries of war between France and Britain, privateering became a key source of revenue, although tourism has since replaced it in the island’s economy. It is little wonder that the harbor of St. Peter Port (the capital of Guernsey) is well developed, and in a stroll along the piers you can see, not only the ships, but Coronet Castle with its grim fortifications, and the quaint lighthouse jutting into the Channel.

Barcelona is famous for many things. The architecture is unique throughout the city, thanks to the efforts of Antoni Gaudi, and the metropolis is thriving. One thing is for certain, that everyone ends up on La Rambla at some point during their stay – a pedestrian street at the heart of the city, lined with shops and restaurants. If you make it to the far end, you’ll find a monument to Columbus, who sailed to the New World under the patronage of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Constructed for the 1888 Exposition held in Barcelona, it is an impressive structure of over 130 feet. However, it is the lions around the base who command the most attention, as they keep a watchful on eye on the rowdy tourists and busy harbor.

The town of Honfleur, in France, has had a rich and checkered past. For centuries this city, located along the coast of Normandy, has played a role in trade. By the twelfth century, the harbor was packed with ships, and this only grew during the subsequent years. With its location, looking towards the New World, it was little wonder that Honfleur was the starting point for many expeditions. Perhaps one of the most well-known was Samuel de Champlain, who sailed in 1608 to found the city of Quebec, Canada. However, during the 1800’s Honfleur’s dominance was overthrown. While it has never recovered the vast shipping empire, it has recovered some status in a new genre: art. The picturesque old harbor in the center of town has been a favorite of many artists, including Gustave Courbet and Claude Monet. All the more reason to stroll through the city to enjoy this poetic view – either in person or at a local art gallery.

When visiting Italy, many would say that a trip is not complete until you have seen Florence – or Firenze as the natives say. There can be little doubt that Florence played a major part in the history of art, in part due to the Medici family, who were great patrons. They supported many masters, notably Michelangelo, da Vinci and Botticelli. Not only were many works of art created for the Medicis, now housed in museums such as the Uffizi, but they also left behind many architectural masterpieces which continue to make Florence one of the most beautiful cities in the world. However, Florence isn’t just a monument to the past, but a living breathing city, which means that even the most venerable squares can become backdrops for the odd carnival or two!

As the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough, Blenheim Palace was built to impress. In fact, its construction caused quite a stir in the early 1700s! The first Duke, John Churchill (an ancestor of Winston Churchill), won his title during the War of Spanish Succession. He was so well thought of, that the British Parliament gave money for the construction of Blenheim. However, the first Duchess didn’t just want a home, she wanted perfection. Amidst growing costs and political (and royal) quarrels, it was only through only the strong will and ambition of the Duchess that the project was finished. The Marlboroughs suffered many ups and downs in fortune, but the estate has survived mostly intact through the 21st century. It is well worth a visit if you travel through Woodstock, England, and to walk around the gardens, where Capability Brown left his mark.

The shores of Lake Geneva are a beautiful place to visit. Since Roman times, people have settled here, and today the steep slopes lining the lake are still home to vineyards, which this region of Switzerland is very proud of. While some travel to cities like Montreux to visit the beach, just a short walk along the shoreline sits one of the oldest, and certainly most impressive, residences on the lake: the Chateau de Chillon. Rising from the waters, on foundations dating to at least 1005 AD, you would be hard pressed to find a collection of turrets and towers equaling it. For centuries, as powers came and went, Chillon was the focal point of the region. Now that the need for high walls and gloomy dungeons is long gone, it is an amazing survivor of a previous age, with great views from every tower!

The Lake District is a stunning area located in the northwest corner of England, full of peaks, and (of course) lakes. With so much natural beauty, it is no wonder that it has hosted many artists, poets and writers. It is hear where you can see the daffodils that Wordsworth idealized, and also where Beatrix Potter had her garden and met many of her iconic characters. There has also been a thriving tourism industry for centuries – ever since the first mention in the mid 1700s – but luckily, the area remains quiet and charming. A place where the views take center stage!

No visit to Canterbury, England, would be complete without a tour of its famed cathedral. This icon was founded during the Roman occupation of Britain by St Augustine. He put down roots in Canterbury, then a Roman settlement, and went on to become the first Archbishop. While the building has been extensively rebuilt over 1400 years, the Archbishops have remained a constant presence in Canterbury, shaping the historical and political landscape of Britain as a whole. Perhaps the most famous Archbishop was Thomas Becket, whose dispute with King Henry II led to his death in 1170 after the king uttered the ill-fated words: “Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?” These days, the site is an impressive reminder of how events several centuries ago can still resonate in modern times.

Judging from the main street, Chester, England (on the border of Wales) is a very old city. The history spans nearly 2000 years since its founding, by the Romans in 79 AD, and its elevation to a city in 1541. Through it all, it has managed to keep its remarkable city walls which circle nearly the entire historic city center. And speaking of the center, it is chocked full of black and white timber facades, known as the Rows. It may look and feel medieval, but most of it is a clever Victorian trick. Regardless, it is a wonderful way to get a glimpse into a former time. You’d hardly know that Chester also boasted a University and one of the largest zoos in England! Either from the pavement, or from the city walls it is well worth a visit.

The city of Breda, in the Netherlands, might be considered quiet by some, especially after coming from Amsterdam. However, Breda has been front and center of historical events through the centuries. Namely, it has close connections with the family of Orange (the Dutch royal family). Having acquired the city through marriage in the mid-1500s, the house of Orange set up residency there, attracting other nobles and prosperity. These family ties even drew the deposed English monarch, King Charles II, during his exile in the late 1600s. While no longer an important political center, or a family seat, the house of Orange visits periodically to reconnect with its history. After all, the Grote Kerk (Church of Our Lady), with its distinctive tower, is the final resting place for many family members, and a majestic background for an elegant city.

If you want to visit an area with lots of diversity (and castles) Luxembourg is a great place to start. Even though it is small, it still has distinct regions with their own unique flavors. In Luxembourg City, the capital, politics take center stage with the presence of the European Court of Justice. Along the Moselle River, wine is an important part of life and trying to visit every vineyard seems an impossible task! Everywhere you go there are interesting views and plenty of history, often lying in plain sight, such as Bourscheid castle. Nestled on a hilltop with majestic views, this ruin dates back to the 1000s. While open to the sky, enough of the walls remain to get a sense of how impressive it was back in its glory days. Indeed, no matter where you stumbled, you were sure to find something picturesque. Luckily, in 1936 the site became listed, so that generations can enjoy the feeling of grandeur which rules here.

In every city, you can end up with traffic problems: pedestrians, strollers, bikes, cars and buses are all vying for a piece of the road. In Cambridge, England the competition for space is no less fierce, but the jostling is generally good natured. Generally it is limited to a few grumbles as pedestrians step into cycle lanes at inopportune times, or someone trips over a bike blocking the sidewalk. (Perhaps the main problem in Cambridge is that the architecture is so interesting, tourists rarely think to look at where they are going!) It was no surprise to find a puddle on Queens Backs, especially in spring. In this case, it provided ample evidence that this quiet stretch of park was indeed a high traffic area for bikes!

If you want to visit a city with many fine examples of architecture, Bruges should be high on the list. Like many of the towns in the northern area of Belgium, it reached its zenith from the 1200 - 1500s. Money poured in from trade, especially as it was sitting in the center of several important routes. The rich built their castles and charming guildhalls and churches popped up, as well. However, as the harbor silted up, Bruges was increasingly cut off from the outside world. The result is a tourist’s dream, with architectural marvels that haven’t been touched in centuries. No matter which corner you find yourself, there is something to see where ever you look – even upwards!

Fame and fortune can go up or down,
But gold is a commodity that always travels around.
Often being lost, sometimes stolen and occasionally found,
It goes from banker to taxman to merchant to thief.
Gold's glitter is prized beyond all belief!

When deciding on a subject, especially in nature, there are many things that you can look for. Trees often become the focus of paintings (or studies in this case). They come in many shapes and sizes, and when making a portrait of a tree, there are essentially two ways to approach it. On one hand, the artist can focus on the elements of the tree that fit the ideal: the texture of the bark, the shape of the canopy, etc. On the other hand, they can focus on the inevitable imperfections, like the dead spot on one side, the broken limb, or the strange bend in the trunk. Both ways of addressing the subject can make for interesting artwork!

There was once a cat in the forest,
Roaming as cats do best.
What he was doing there I couldn’t say,
It really doesn’t matter anyway.
But, forgive me, I regress.

That cat saw a bird in a tree,
He went over and said, “Pardon me,
But could you show me the way to the river,
I have an appointment there for dinner.”
The bird said to the cat, “Follow me.”

The bird began leading the cat,
But after only a few moments of that,
The cat yawned and curled up in a ball,
And any polite person would have been appalled.
The bird flew down, close to the cat, and sat.

And then the cat lay next to only a feather.
It was so quick, that I now wonder, whether,
That cat ever really needed a guide,
Or if the sly feline had only lied,
For afterwards, he made his way – purring – down to the river.